Ilhan Niaz discusses his book “The Culture of Power and Governance of Pakistan 1947-2008” stating how the 1949 Objectives Resolution introduced ambiguity regarding state sovereignty, creating ideological and constitutional confusion.
He states that after the British exit, Pakistan struggled to build robust democratic institutions, often reverting to pre-colonial governance practices.
The failure of political leaders to establish transparent electoral systems led to rigged elections and delayed constitution-making. This environment allowed Governor-General Ghulam Muhammad to impose a hybrid regime in 1953, undermining democratic foundations.
In 1958, Ayub Khan’s military dictatorship brought economic growth but deepened discontent in East Pakistan, sowing the seeds of division. His regime ultimately failed to address constitutional challenges, paving the way for further instability. The period of Yahya Khan’s leadership (1969-1971) escalated tensions, culminating in civil war and the secession of East Pakistan in 1971, leading to the creation of Bangladesh.
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto introduced the 1973 Constitution, laying the groundwork for federal parliamentary democracy. However, his government became increasingly authoritarian, fostering political repression and instability. This created an opening for General Zia-ul-Haq to seize power in 1977.
Zia’s military rule was marked by the instrumental use of Islam to consolidate authority. His regime empowered religious elements in politics, with long-term implications. Backed by the U.S. during the Soviet-Afghan War, Zia's policies left an enduring legacy that continues to shape Pakistan’s political and social landscape.